Safer Sex / Sexually Transmitted Infections

Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)

Sexually transmitted infections are widespread – many people contract an STI at least once in their lifetime. These include infections such as chlamydia, gonorrhoea, HPV, syphilis and hepatitis, as well as herpes, genital warts and pubic lice, all of which can be transmitted during sex. While pubic lice simply move from one body to another, many other pathogens are found in semen, vaginal fluid or blood and can be transmitted through vaginal, anal or oral sex. Kissing does not generally carry an increased risk of STI transmission – though it can spread colds, flu, COVID-19 or herpes.

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Recognising Sexually Transmitted Infections

The symptoms of sexually transmitted infections are not always clear-cut. They may be mild or even entirely absent. Often they only appear several weeks or even months after infection. Sometimes symptoms improve on their own, only to return in a different form years later. If you are unsure, seek medical advice. Sexually transmitted infections are very treatable, but if left undetected, some can lead to serious long-term consequences, such as infertility.

The following symptoms may indicate a sexually transmitted infection:

• Unusual discharge from the vagina, penis or rectum
• Bleeding between periods
• Itching, rash or skin redness in the genital area or elsewhere on the body
• Pain or burning when urinating
• Dry or weeping skin changes (blisters, warts, ulcers) on or around the vagina, vulva, penis, rectum or mouth
• Pain during sex (vaginal, anal or oral)
• Yellowing of the skin or whites of the eyes
• Flu-like symptoms
• Loss of appetite, vomiting or diarrhoea

Changes you notice but cannot explain may also sometimes indicate an STI. Patchy hair loss, for example, can be a sign of syphilis. Do not hesitate to speak to a doctor or counsellor about anything that concerns you. More information on sexually transmitted infections can be found at www.aidshilfe.de or www.liebesleben.de.

“In the end I went to a dermatologist because of the itching. I was so embarrassed – even just making the appointment. But she was completely calm about it. I was still relieved when I could leave, and even more so when the problem was soon resolved.”

Protection Against Sexually Transmitted Infections

The likelihood of contracting a sexually transmitted infection can be easily reduced. These safety tips apply not only to one-night stands, secret affairs, first times or spontaneous encounters – protection can also be worthwhile in established relationships. Here is how:

• Use condoms for vaginal, anal and oral sex
• Use lubricant where needed to prevent injury
• Use latex gloves where appropriate
• Do not share sex toys – or protect them by cleaning them and/or using condoms
• Use a new condom for each partner during group sex
• Vaccinations are available against some infections, including HPV and hepatitis A/B

To protect against HIV, there are additional safer sex strategies beyond condom use. For example, HIV-negative people can take PrEP (pre-exposure prophylaxis) to prevent HIV transmission. In addition, an HIV-positive person who is on HIV medication cannot transmit the virus – this is known as protection through treatment. After unprotected sex with an HIV-positive person, taking PEP (post-exposure prophylaxis) can usually prevent HIV infection.

Bringing up the subject of protection can sometimes feel awkward. Some people simply place a condom on the table at the right moment – or put it on directly. Others settle the question in advance with an emoji message. Others raise it casually in a group setting and listen carefully to what the person they are interested in has to say. It can also become part of your sex life and even feel exciting – for instance when someone slips on a black latex glove with a flourish or opens the condom packet with confidence.

Getting Tested for Sexually Transmitted Infections

Anyone who is sexually active should get tested for STIs regularly. Early detection means you can protect both yourself and your sexual partners. While condoms reduce the likelihood of transmission, they do not eliminate it entirely – particularly for bacterial infections such as chlamydia and gonorrhoea. AIDS support organisations and some public health offices offer comprehensive, personalised advice as well as anonymous and usually free testing.

Sexually Transmitted Infections During Pregnancy

Testing for sexually transmitted infections and HIV is also important during pregnancy. If left undetected and untreated, they can increase the risk of premature birth, miscarriage and stillbirth, and may be passed on to the baby during pregnancy or at birth. Lung and eye infections in newborns can also result. Some screening tests, such as those for HIV and chlamydia, are covered by statutory health insurance as part of routine antenatal care. Please speak to your gynaecological practice for further information.